The East Palestine train wreck will be taken over by the EPA
An update of the Norfolk Southern Railroad Accident Investigation after the Decay of a 22-Tank Car into a Heavy, High Hazardous Material Train
The statement said the wheel bearing had been collected and would be examined by engineers from the US Nuclear Regulatory Board in Washington, DC.
The next phase of the investigation will examine the train’s wheelset and bearing as well as the damage from the derailment, the NTSB report noted. The designs of tanks, rail cars and maintenance procedures will be some of the things that the agency focuses on.
The report was described by a source with knowledge of the investigation to CNN as a “tight presentation of the facts” and it comes amid mounting questions about how Norfolk Southern has dealt with the incident and mechanical failures that may have preceded it.
The report said authorities continued to be concerned because of the elevated temperature inside one tank car, which could have resulted in an explosion. Three days after the accident, crews released vinyl chloride into a trench and burned it off to help prevent a potentially deadly blast.
Authorities were worried about a large explosion and so the wreck burned for several days. The chemical can kill quickly and can increase the risk of cancer. The hazardous substance spilled into a trench, where it was burned away.
During a Tuesday news conference, DeWine said the Norfolk Southern train that derailed was not categorized as a high hazardous material train, meaning the railroad was not required to notify state officials about what chemicals the rail cars contained.
Officials are also continuing to treat contamination in a creek that runs through the town, while water quality in a second body of water in the area “continues to improve, according to the governor. The update said there was no vinyl chloride in the waterways.
The Ohio river is quite large, and is able to reduce pollutants quickly, because of it being a water body.
The chemicals are a “contaminant plume” that the Ohio EPA and other agencies have been tracking in real time. It’s believed to be moving about a mile an hour, Kavalec said.
The tracking makes it possible for the intakes of the water to be closed for a certain amount of time. This strategy, along with drinking water treatment…are both effective at addressing these contaminants and helps ensure the safety of the drinking water supplies,” Kavalec said, adding that they’re pretty confident that the “low levels” of contaminants that remain are not getting passed onto customers.
Vanderhoff repeatedly told residents in East Palestine to use bottled water until testing on their water source is completed. It is important for pregnant, breastfeeding or making infant formula people to use bottled water.
The Environmental Impact of Railroad Derailments on Air Quality and Public Health: An Update on Chemical Hazards and Waterways Contamination During the 1994-2005 Derailment
Some waterways in the area of the derailment were contaminated after the crash, killing an estimated 3,500 fish, but officials have said they believe those contaminants to be contained.
Initial testing and sampling by the state agency helped estimate the number of dead fish. There does not appear to have been an increase in the number of fish killed since the first couple of days following the derailment.
According to the Ohio EPA, nearly 500 lbs ofvinylchloride-impacted material has been removed from near the train wreck.
Some of the pits of dirt that have been dug up measure about 700 feet long and 8 feet deep, Kurt Kollar, the on-scene coordinator for the Ohio EPA’s Office of Emergency Response, said.
Dr. Erin Haynes, an environmental health scientist with the University of Kentucky, told CNN last week that it will be important to monitor people’s health and the environment around the train derailment for some time to come since health impacts may not emerge until later.
“Anecdotes are challenging because they’re anecdotes,” Vanderhoff said. “Everything that we’ve gathered thus far is really pointing toward very low measurements, if at all.”
Chemicals are hauled by America’s railroads. The Association of American Railroads said that 2.2 million carloads of chemicals were moved by freight trains.
The agency’s website says railroad accidents that resulted in hazardous materials being released caused just 14 deaths from 1994 to 2005, while 116 deaths resulted from hazardous materials spilling after highway accidents in the same time period.
The mode of transportation is able to carry bulk quantities, according to the Federal Rail Administration. “These commodities cannot be moved by pipeline; the alternative is moving them by truck over the highways, which is not looked upon favorably.”
According to an analysis by USAToday, other forms of transportation are more leak-prone than rail.
Larger spills happen when trains derail. A Norfolk Southern train derailed in Pittsburgh, spilling a load of drugs, and releasing a strong odor, according to a news release. Concern also heightened after the Trump administration allowed rail to transport highly explosive liquid natural gas – a rule the Biden administration halted last year.
“The real issue is the risk of derailment and explosion,” Kimberly Garrett, a researcher and PFAS expert at Northeastern University. “If natural gas were to have a derailment like the vinyl chloride, it would be devastating.”
The Ohio Environment Protection Agency is releasing semi-volatile organic compounds into the creek from a train spill on a creek. Air, soil and water testing of the area affected by the spill
Ohio Environmental Protection Agency officials have conducted air, soil and water testing since the controlled explosion of chemicals inside rail cars.
As of Tuesday, the EPA reported it had screened indoor air at 396 homes in the area, with 100 homes remaining. A library and local schools have been screened by the agency. It tested local waterways multiple times after they were contaminated.
The EPA should keep a close watch on semi-volatile organic compounds, which are more persistent and detected in local waterways after the derailment, Whelton told CNN.
“Because of their size, they don’t go in the air as easily,” Whelton said. They like to stick with soils and other materials. The question is, how polluted is the creek?
There are unconfirmed reports of animals and chickens dying. The director of Ohio’s department of natural resources said Tuesday that there was no evidence of any non-aquatic species being affected by the spill.
As for drinking water, Kavalec said water treatment facilities should be able to remove the remaining low levels of volatile organic compounds in the water, and that the water will eventually be safe to drink.
While other chemicals can break down if exposed to sunlight, air and water, PFAS don’t. The chemicals have been linked to some cancers.
Residents of East Palestine cried out against the public safety of the derailment of a class-B train at East Bethe-Salpeter
On Wednesday, the residents of East Prussia packed the school gym to find out whether they were safe from toxic chemicals that may have leaked from the train wreck.
After the derailment, authorities at a Sunday news conference sought to assure the local community in Clark County that their air, water and soil are safe.
But residents had many questions over health hazards and they demanded more transparency from the railroad operator, Norfolk Southern, which did not attend the gathering, citing safety concerns for its staff.
In a statement, Norfolk Southern said that it was not going to the open house due to a growing physical threat to its employees and members of the community.
Wednesday’s meeting came amid continuing concerns about the huge plumes of smoke, persisting odors, questions over potential threats to pets and wild animals, any potential impact on drinking water and what was happening with cleanup.
“Why are they keeping this quiet?” Kathy said of the railroad. They are not out here answering questions. For three days we didn’t even know what was on the train.”
In and around East Palestine, near the Pennsylvania state line, residents said they wanted assistance navigating the financial help the railroad offered hundreds of families who evacuated, and they want to know whether it will be held responsible for what happened.
“The pollution, which continues to contaminate the area around East Palestine, created a nuisance, damage to natural resources and caused environmental harm,” Yost said in a letter to the company.
Norfolk Southern, a New Jersey City Council Member, and the East Palestine Water and Air Quality Commission: The Public Needs to Be Concerned
According to the state’s Environmental Protection Agency, water from the village’s five wells are free from contaminants. But the EPA also is recommending testing for private water wells because they are closer to the surface.
Norfolk Southern has committed to millions of dollars’ worth financial assistance to East Palestine, including $3.4 million in direct financial assistance to families, a $1 million community assistance fund, among other aid, according to the company.
Alan Shaw, CEO of Norfolk Southern wrote an open letter to East Palestine residents and told them that they would stay here as long as it took to ensure their safety and help East Palestine recover and thrive.
State and federal officials have made repeated assurances that the air monitoring has not detected any remaining concerns despite the online spread of misinformation. Even low levels of contaminants that aren’t considered hazardous can create lingering odors or symptoms such as headaches, Ohio’s health director said Tuesday.
The health clinic opening in East Palestine Tuesday is meant to address residents’s concerns about potential symptoms. The Ohio Department of Health says it will have registered nurses, mental health specialists and a toxicologist.
US Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Michael Regan will return to the town Tuesday to meet with residents and local and state officials, an EPA official with knowledge of the visit told CNN.
Medical teams from the US Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention and the US Department of Health and Human Services will also be on the ground this week at DeWine’s request, he said Friday.
The people in East Palestine are questioning the findings and the water and air are not safe to breathe in.
“We should never say we’re done looking at this community for potential exposures and health impacts. Those with health symptoms need to call the poison control center, Haynes said, explaining that some may not occur until later.
State Sensitivities to Water Contamination after the Ohio Railroad Reopened on February 8, 2013: Texas Molecular, Inc., and Maysville Utilities
According to the EPA, Norfolk Southern installed booms and dams to control the flow of contaminated water from two locations where fish were found dead.
According to TexasMolecular, they had been hired to dispose of potentially dangerous water from the Ohio train wreck. The company said they had experts with more than four decades of experience in managing water safely and that all shipments, so far, had come by truck for the entire trip.
Julian said water measurements have been below the level of concern and that Maysville Utilities took precautionary measures in temporarily shutting down their Ohio River intake valve due to the public concern.
The issue of contaminated soil became a point of contention last week after a public document sent to the EPA did not list removal of contaminated soil among the activities completed. The impact of not removing the soil before the railroad reopened on February 8 is not yet known.
As skepticism spreads about the safety of the air and water, some local business say they’ve seen fewer customers, despite calls to return to normal life.
A hair salon lost business and customers may be concerned about what may be in the water washing their hair according to a stylist at the salon.
A lot of businesses are suffering because people don’t want to come to our area, according to the greenhouse owner.
After the toxic derailed, a number of officials, including Pete Buttigieg, demanded accountability and called for more safety regulations.
Environmental Response to the Norfolk Southern Railroad Accident and East Palestine’s Chemical Impact on Health, Environment, and Public Works: Chairman and CEO Alan Shaw
Shaw said they have implemented a testing program to ensure the safety of East Palestine’s water, air, and soil.
The Norfolk Southern train wreck that happened in Ohio earlier this month resulted in the release of hazardous chemicals into the environment, according to the Environmental Protection Agency.
Crews are still working to respond to the freight disaster in East Palestine as community members worry about possible adverse health effects from the toxic materials released when dozens of cars derailed after a likely mechanical failure.
If the company does not follow the order, the EPA will step in and complete the duties and Norfolk Southern will have to pay up to $70,000 a day.
The agency’s move comes as the emergency response effort has now morphed into an environmental cleanup that is the responsibility of the railroad, EPA Administrator Michael Regan said during a Tuesday press conference.
Norfolk Southern will pay to clean up the mess they created and the trauma they inflicted. “In no way, shape or form will Norfolk Southern get off the hook for the mess that they created.”
We have an obligation and are committed to doing what’s right for the residents of East Palestine, the railroad said. “We are committed to thoroughly and safely cleaning the site, and we are reimbursing residents for the disruption this has caused in their lives.”
More than 6 million dollars has been committed in East Palestine by the company, of which $3.8 million has been given to families involved in the accident.
In an interview with CNBC on Tuesday, CEO Alan Shaw responded to criticism from Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg and Ohio Sen. Sherrod Brown, saying the company invests more than $1 billion a year in “science-based” safety solutions, including maintaining tracks, equipment and technology.
Shaw said the safety culture and investments in safety didn’t prevent the accident. We should take a look at what is possible and see what we can do better.
The Norfolk Southern Freight Cars Decay Center in East Palestine, Pa., after the Dec. 3 Deceleration on Feb. 3
Pennsylvania Gov. Josh Shapiro praised the EPA for taking charge of the cleanup from the crash, which took place less than a mile from the Ohio-Pennsylvania border.
On Feb. 3, about three dozen Norfolk Southern freight cars derailed near East Palestine, a town of roughly 4,800. Investigators from the National Transportation Safety Board have indicated that the derailment was likely caused by a wheel bearing failure; a preliminary report is expected next week.
Shaw wouldn’t answer questions about the crash investigation and details about what might have caused it, saying he was barred from talking about the probe.
Some of the derailed cars were carrying chemicals that were harmful to the environment.
Though an evacuation order was lifted five days after the derailment and officials have repeatedly said the air and municipal water is safe, residents on Wednesday reported a variety of ailments, from bloody noses to dizziness and vomiting.
The derailment caused the release of hazardous chemicals into the air and surface water. But more recent air monitoring and water sample tests have shown no concerns with air quality or water quality in East Palestine’s municipal water supply, the EPA said Monday. The agency added that it would publish more detailed data “as it becomes available.”
“This is really in response to the concerns that we have heard, that people want to be able to go someplace and get some answers about any kind of medical problems that they believe that they are, in fact, having,” he said.
Contamination in East Palestine, Ohio, during the February 3 train accident caused by a toxic fume source: CNN spokeswoman Jessica Conard
The National Transportation Safety Board has been investigating theFebruary 3 train crash in East Palestine, Ohio where people have been complaining about feeling sick after hazardous fumes seeped into the air, water and soil.
On Wednesday night, during a town hall with CNN, the residents of East Palestine, Ohio, expressed their anger and demanded answers about the train accident and its aftermath as well as assurances about their future.
Jessica Conard, who has lived in East Palestine her entire life, doesn’t feel safe because she doesn’t know the future of her town. “This has the potential to really decimate a small town like us.”
According to the documents filed in 2020 with the Federal Railroad Authority there was a slow down for a train traveling along that stretch of track.
The mother of a child and teacher in East Palestine has had skin issues after her family returned home.
Josh Hickman said he has come into the village a few times with symptoms including headaches, dizziness and blood from his nose, and on Tuesday he sought treatment at the emergency room, as he doesn’t feel safe returning home.
In addition to vinyl chloride, chemicals of concern at the site include phosgene and hydrogen chloride, which are released when vinyl chloride breaks down; butyl acrylate; ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate; and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, according to the US Environmental Protection Agency. All these chemicals can change when they break down or react with other things in the environment, creating a stew of potential toxins.
Source: https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/23/us/ohio-train-derailment-east-palestine-thursday/index.html
East Palestine Mayor Trent Conaway and the Ohio Department of Health: Taking a Stand Towards the Prevention and Remediation of the Derailment
East Palestine Mayor Trent Conaway said that they are getting everything they need but no answers. We need answers regarding the health concerns.
During the town hall, Ohio’s governor stressed he did not want to minimize any medical issues potentially linked to the derailment, saying that’s the reason he requested medical experts to the community.
The state also opened a health assessment clinic Tuesday for residents who worry their symptoms could be linked to the wreck. The Ohio Department of Health said that the clinic has mental health professionals who can refer residents.
“We’re going to get the clean-up right, we’re going to reimburse the citizens, we’re going to invest in the long term health of this community,” Shaw said. “I’m going to see this through, and we’re going to be here. And we’re going to work with these community leaders to help you thrive.”
The train tracks will be removed to remove the waste from the site, as well as contaminated soil.
Investigation of the Collision-Induced Debris Detonation in a 149-car Norfolk Southern Trajectory on February 3
“Since I (got) home from evacuating, I’m still not using the water because I never know if … they’re telling the truth or it’s a lie,” resident Nene Stewart said during the town hall. I use bottled water. I can not. I don’t trust what they’re saying. I don’t know who’s telling the truth.”
The chair of the safety board said that the train’s car carrying plastic pellets was heated by a hot plate that caused it to catch fire. So far, the investigation found the three crew members on board the train did not do anything wrong prior to the derailment, though the crash was “100% preventable,” she said.
The crew did not do anything wrong prior to the crash and the investigation so far found that it was preventable, Homendy said last week.
Plus, investigators will review the train operator’s use of wayside defect detectors and the company’s railcar inspection practices. More specifically, determining what caused the wheel bearing failure will be key to the investigation, Homendy said.
The response to the chemical disaster will be a key part of the investigation, particularly manual detonations of tanks carrying toxic chemicals.
Some East Palestine residents have said they are experiencing health issues that they did not have before the crash, such as headaches, dizziness, nausea and bloody noses.
The 149-car train operated by Norfolk Southern on February 3 had three employees on board: a locomotive engineer, a conductor and a trainee who were all in the head end of the locomotive, Homendy told CNN’s Jake Tapper on Thursday.
Interactions between the passengers of a Norfolk Southern train killed in a water-based incident and residents of the Baltimore Coltege Railroad
“We are very deliberative. We are the gold standard when it comes to investigations globally, and we are methodical in our approach,” Homendy said. “But if we see a safety issue that we need to be addressed immediately, something systemic, we will not hesitate to issue an urgent safety recommendation.”
The company plans to take a series of measures moving forward to minimize the long-term impacts of chemicals on the land and groundwater, including ripping up the tracks where the train derailed and removing soil underneath, Norfolk Southern CEO Alan Shaw said.
The intense exchanges left residents frustrated as they said officials dodged their pressing questions, deepening their mistrust in the cleanup process.
Jim Stewart, a lifelong 65-year-old East Palestine resident, told Shaw that he felt his health was at risk because of the crash.
Is it possible you shortened my life now? I want to enjoy my retirement. How are we going to enjoy it? Stewart addressed Shaw, saying that he burned him. You made me angry.
Shaw declined on Wednesday to answer repeated questions from residents regarding the crash investigation and details about what could have caused the derailment, saying he was “prohibited” from talking about the probe.
The Norfolk Southern Environmental Response Team (NEWSC) Reports on the Derailment of the Yokohama Iron-Rich Iron-Atom Railroad
Norfolk Southern also plans to review the results of the National Transportation Safety Board’s investigation as well as use data to “figure out what we could’ve done better,” said Shaw, adding the company has already implemented new internal safety measures.
In Texas and Michigan, officials are angry that they did not know that hazardous waste from the crash would be sent to them for disposal.
The Michigan and Ohio facilities were, in fact, EPA approved sites, but they are not currently accepting any more shipments at this time, and the EPA is “exploring to see whether they have the capacity” to accept shipments in the future, Shore said.
The Norfolk Southern shipments from East Palestine were stopped after the EPA told them to stop. Some liquid and solid waste had already been taken to sites in Michigan and Texas.
The Ohio Environmental Protection Agency said in an update Sunday that all of the rail cars that were held by investigators have now been removed from the site.
The hazardous waste material sent to Michigan and Texas is being processed now, according to the EPA regional administrator.
“These extensive requirements cover everything from waste labeling, packaging, and handling, as well as requirements for shipping documents that provide information about the wastes and where they’re going,” Shore said.
About 2 million gallons of firefighting water from the train derailment site were expected to be disposed in Harris County, Texas, with about half a million gallons already there, according to the county’s chief executive.
Federal teams in East Palestine have begun going door-to-door to check in with residents, conduct health surveys and provide informational flyers after President Joe Biden directed the move, a White House official told CNN.
Also, a 19-person scientific team from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has been collecting information from residents about symptoms they have experienced since the derailment, said Jill Shugart, a senior environmental health specialist for the CDC.
The Ohio EPA Placentinel Wells on the Well Field in East Palestine, Ohio, Following the February 3 Train-Wreck Derailment
The Ohio EPA said the EPA putentinel wells near the well field to ensure the safety of the water in the city.
About 102,000 gallons of liquid waste and 4,500 cubic yards of solid waste remained Saturday in storage on site in East Palestine – not including the five truckloads returned, according to DeWine. Solid and liquid waste is being generated as the cleanup progresses.
Dingell told CNN on Saturday that neither she nor Michigan Gov. Gretchen Whitmer were aware of plans for toxic waste to be delivered to disposal sites in her district.
Across the country, Texas Chief Executive Lina Hidalgo expressed frustration that she first learned about the expected water shipments to her state from the news media – not from a government agency or Texas Molecular, the company hired to dispose of the water.
There are half a million gallons of water in the county, and the shipments began arriving around last Wednesday.
Hidalgo’s office had been seeking information about the disposal, including the chemical composition of the firefighting water, the precautions that were being taken, and why Harris County was the chosen site, she said.
CNN asked the Ohio agency the location of the remaining 581,500 gallons which had been “removed” but not “hauled off-site” and has yet to receive a response.
East Prussia, Ohio, which was the scene of a train wreck this month will be the location of two approved sites on Monday.
Questions about the disposal of toxic waste from the February 3 derailment have added to the controversy surrounding the crash that has also left residents of the town worried about potential long-term health effects.
The mayor of East Liverpool, one of the towns set to incinerate the waste, expressed concerns about the process but said the EPA has assured him that everyone has been following necessary guidelines.
“We have a 2-year-old daughter and of course that’s a concern,” Mayor Gregory T. Bricker said. This is a state-of-the-art facility and it can handle this type of waste.
After speaking to residents in East Palestine, Shore said it’s clear “that everyone wants this contamination gone from the community” and “we owe it to the people of East Palestine to move it out of the community as quickly as possible.”
Progress in the East Palestine Landfill Safety Monitoring Program and Comments on the Derailment of the Norfolk Southern Tank Cars at a Central Line Freight Rail Station
Four wells have been installed and up to three more will be drilled this week after the soil under the rails is completely excavated, officials said. Fourteen wells in total are planned.
A better understanding of the direction and rate of the ground water flow will be supported by the monitoring wells.
Some of the waste could be accepted by EPA-certified facilities, which means shipments could resume Monday, according to the Region 5 administrator.
“All of this is great news for the people of East Palestine and the surrounding community, because it means cleanup can continue at a rapid pace,” she said.
According to the Ohio governor’s office, five of the twenty truckloads had been returned to East Palestine after they were dumped at a Michigan hazardous waste treatment facility. Shore said material shipped out to sites in other states, but later returned to East Palestine, would now be shipped to the two Ohio sites.
All seven major freight rail companies in the US, including Norfolk Southern, are expected to announce their participation in a voluntary safety reporting program.
Some tank cars may have melted in the fire and dripped into pressure relief devices, possibly degrading their performance, according to the agency.
In an investigative update on the derailment published Thursday, the National Transportation Safety Board also said it was “looking closely” at aluminum protective covers used on three of the vinyl chloride tank cars that derailed.
That’s after Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg sent a letter to the CEOs of the companies asking them to join the reporting system and gave them by the end of the week to inform him of their decision.
The Norfolk Southern Experiment (NCLEA) Investigating the Pittsburgh EPA Wreck-In-Collision and the Consequences for Public Health
During its investigation, the agency can issue urgent recommendations at any time.
The company, which has been ordered by the EPA to fully clean up the wreck, backed out of a town hall with local officials last month, citing threats against its employees.
The unions wrote a letter to the Ohio Governor about the effects of the clean up, which included health effects as well as symptoms. CNN has reached out to Norfolk Southern for comment on the letter.
The governor said that he would contract a third-party company to test waste coming to his state for dioxins. The governor mentioned that the sampling will begin Friday.
The process would involve removing one side of the tracks, digging out the contaminated soil, conducting sampling and then replacing the tracks, EPA response coordinator Mark Durno said.
Norfolk Southern will be required to test for dioxins in East Palestine, according to the federal EPA. Dioxins are considered to have significant toxicity and can cause disease, according to the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
The release stated that the EPA would also continue sampling forindicator chemicals, which suggested a low probability for release of dioxin from this incident.
Butyl acrylate, which is among the materials the train was carrying, is used to make plastics and paint. It’s possible to inhale it, ingest it or absorb it through the skin. It can cause irritation of the eyes, skin and lungs, as well as cause breathing difficulties, according to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Repeated exposure can lead to lung damage.
Vogel said the levels being detected in water sampling are much lower than the federal hazard level for the compound in drinking water and well below levels that would cause immediate health effects, but added she did not know whether there could be longterm health effects. A health study is currently underway, and it may be able to shed light on that.
The Derailment of the Clark County, Ohio, Freight Train on a Sunday, December 14, 2006, Power Line En route to Birmingham, Alabama
The 212-car freight train was southbound through Clark County Saturday, en route to Birmingham, Alabama, when 28 of its cars derailed, downing large high tension power lines, knocking out power to some residents and temporarily prompting shelter-in-place orders to homes within 1,000 feet, authorities said.
The director of Ohio’s Environmental Protection Agency said there was no release of hazardous material to the air or water.
Four of the derailed cars were empty tanker cars carrying minimal residual product in “very minor amounts” that “dried very quickly,” Springfield Fire Assistant Chief Matt Smith said, adding that his team checked the crash site and determined that nothing had spilled onto the ground.
One car was carrying PVC pellets that affected the soil at the crash site, Vogel noted, adding that the EPA “will be onsite ensuring that as cars are removed by Norfolk Southern that the soil is not impacted under the ground.”
Clark County Health Commissioner Charles Patterson said there are no releases yet and that they are looking at clean air, soil and water for residents. Technicians will continue to be on site to make sure there aren’t any missed particles.
“I have been briefed by FRA leadership and spoke with Gov. DeWine to offer our support after the derailment today in Clark County, Ohio. No hazardous material release has been reported, but we will continue to monitor closely and FRA personnel are en route,” Buttigieg said in a tweet on Saturday.
