Here is how your nose protects you
The impact of the respiratory disease CoVID-19 on the survival of germinal centres in the nesophagus and the nasal saliva
The team used the saliva from the back of the nose to help test for the coronaviruses. The researchers kept a record of how their immune-cell populations changed over the course of a year. They found millions of immune cells in these samples, including cells that provide immune memory.
The adenoids, a hard to reach immune organ, are tucked away at the back of the nose. These organs analyse inhaled air and contain structures called germinal centres. These structures are used as a training camp for B cells, the immune agents that make effective antibodies.
Adenoids shrink in adulthood, yet the researchers found active germinal centres in the adenoids of study participants of all ages — findings that should be “reassuring for all of us over 20 years old”, Ramirez says. The researchers found that some participants in the study had B cells that specialized in targeting the respiratory disease CoVID-19, which was contracted during the study.
Even people who don’t feel sick during an acute infection or immunization can still be found in germinal centres. A researcher not involved with the study says that using this technique, they might soon understand what drives the centers activity and how the disease shapes immune responses.
These findings can also offer a “very valuable” quantitative method to measure the changes in immune response after vaccination, particularly to test intranasal vaccine candidates, Farber says. She said that they show how high a hill is to climb, if the immune system is active in the upper airways.
Previous research on the immune system has focused on immune cells in the blood and lower airways, primarily because these regions are relatively accessible through blood draws and some types of biopsy and organ donation, says study co-author Sydney Ramirez, an infectious-disease physician and immunologist at the La Jolla Institute for Immunology in California.
The nose is home to a host of long-lived immune cells that stand ready to fend off viral and bacterial infections, according to the most detailed look to date at the immune players that make up the first line of defence for the lungs1.
The B-cell population in the human upper airway is not characterized by the immunosuppression molecule FcRH4 in acute COVID-19
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Source: Immunological memory diversity in the human upper airway
B Cells, Tfh and germinal center B cells. Immunological memory diversity in the human upper airway: an eLife study
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Source: Immunological memory diversity in the human upper airway
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Source: Immunological memory diversity in the human upper airway
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