The photocatalytic low- temperature defluorination of PFASs is conducted using a special light source

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Source: Photocatalytic low-temperature defluorination of PFASs

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Chemistry that can break carbon–fluorine bonds in persistent molecules called PFAS could help to clean up the environment. Testing in real-world settings must come next.

Such bonds lie at the heart of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a group of compounds, numbering in the millions, that are remarkably water-, heat- and greaseproof. The Teflon compound was invented in the 1930s to make pans non-stick and keep the rain out of our jackets. There are different kinds of cosmetics, fire-proof foam, kitchen utensils, metal coating, packaging, textiles and more.

The C-F bond in water is too small to be seen by a light-driven catalyst, but it can be harnessed

The world is belatedly starting to act, both to stop forever chemicals entering the environment and to clean up those already there. There isn’t enough action, and it’s faster.

Both methods combine a catalyst with chemistry that is driven by visible light. In each case, the catalyst absorbs light that then triggers a reaction.

Chemist Garret Miyake at Colorado State University in Fort Collins and his colleagues use this absorbed energy to reduce the C–F bond to carbon–hydrogen — albeit not in Teflon1. Yan-Biao Kang, a chemist at the University of Science and Technology of China in Hefei, and his colleagues uses this energy to break the bond and the overall molecule down to smaller constituent parts2, in temperatures as low as 40 °C. Both papers, without doubt, mark a major step forward.

Important next steps include using these ideas in real-world settings, for example to develop catalysts that work in waste water or that can be used to clean up PFAS in contaminated soils. It would be huge benefit if a method can be adapted so that it can be powered by sunlight.

It is necessary to stop PFAS entering the water supply. The European Environment Agency will set the upper limits on PFAS levels in water in 2021, for the first time. In the United States, the EPA has gone further. In April, it set safe limits for drinking water, under which there will be ‘close to zero’ levels of certain PFAS.

The European proposal doesn’t yet extend the ban on industrial PFAS in medicine or transport because they are still too useful and alternatives are not found. C–F bonds allow the molecule to stay stable, which is required for shelf life.