The areas that are prone to floods are some of the places where urban development occurs

Why economic growth can cause disasters to grow faster than wealth: Policy research Working Paper 5617. The World Bank Group (EPR/2004) 2117-2171 Elsevier

Economic growth and rational decisions can cause disaster losses to grow faster than wealth. Policy Research Working Paper 5617. The World Bank Group is published by the World Bank.

Rosenthal, S. S. & Strange, W. C. in Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics Vol. 4 (eds Henderson, J. V. & Thisse, J.-F.) 2119–2171 Elsevier wrote about it in 2004.

Recent developments in China and their environmental impacts on coastal flood models. Working papers of Cesifo and Bernhofen, M. V. et al

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The analysis of storm surge and extreme sea levels from around the world. Nat. Commun. 7, 11969 (2016).

The spatial and temporal distribution and trend of floods in East China were studied. It is called the Environ. Res. 185,109406 was last updated in 2020.

The work confirms results from previous studies. In a paper published in the journal Landscape, Yu Kongjian, founder of Beijing-based landscape architecture firm Turenscape, proposed a novel concept for managing floods in urban areas: replacing concrete with green, impermeable areas that absorb water. 70% of new development in China happened in flood plains or high-risk flood zones before the year 2010, according to his work.

They looked at the cities and the sea level. The working papers of Cesifo are numbered 8997 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3827610 (2021).

Bernhofen, M. V. et al. It is the first collective validation of global fluvial flood models. Environ. Res. Lett. 13, 1032007.

Climate Change in Urbanised Regions: Understanding Current Trends in the World Settlement Footprint Suite – Report on the Commission’s Joint Research Centre

The built-up grid is derived from Landsat. The European Commission published a report on the Joint Research Centre.

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The paper’s findings also put a spotlight on the need for the world to speed up adaptation to the impacts of climate change. Wang Xiaojun, founder of People of Asia for Climate Solutions, a non-profit organization based in Manila, was surprised to learn the extent of the settlement that had occurred in flood-prone regions in recent decades, when “awareness of the climate crisis among governments and the public has been growing much higher”.

China was most striking with the figures. The authors wrote that settlements in the highest flood- hazard category more than tripled over three decades.

Yu explains that amongst other reasons, in China, land in flood zones is cheaper for local governments to acquire than is land with no flood risk, and it is therefore more profitable to sell to developers.

“Countries face trade-offs between economic opportunities and disaster risk,” he notes, highlighting that this is a factor in the expansion of major port cities, beach-front communities and tourism hubs in flood-prone coastal areas.

He says that development in the flood zone can be an “uninformed choice” because of the poor flood risk assessment.

Rentschler believes that reducing people’s exposure to climate risk can be achieved by community policy and local patterns of urbanization. He says that the city mayors and local authorities are important in our response to climate change.