Y chromosome plays a role in cancer risk

Why do so many cancers identify as men? An analysis using blood chromosomes, checkpoint inhibitors, and anti-cancer therapies

The context can vary on the basis of the tumours location in the organ, the presence of other genetic alterations, and so on. “You cannot generalize,” she says. When people just throw all the data together, they don’t get the point.

Forsberg, L. A. There is a relationship between the loss of chromosomes Y in the peripheral blood and the risk of cancer. Nat. Genet. There were 46, 622, and 616 entries in the year.

This also presents a potential target for anti-cancer therapies, says co-author Ronald DePinho, a cancer researcher at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston. “This is a druggable target.”

In mice, a therapeutic antibody that can restore the activity of those immune cells, was more effective against Y-less tumours than against tumours that still had their Y chromosomes. In human tumours, the team found a similar trend. The finding is the most important message, as it suggests a better way to treat the cancers, according to a geneticist who was not involved with the research. Similar antibodies, called checkpoint inhibitors, are already used clinically against some tumours.

Researchers have been able to find out that the Y chromosome can be lost during cell division. As men age, the proportion of Y-less blood cells increases, and an abundance of such cells has been linked to conditions including heart disease, neurodegenerative conditions and some cancers.

This article recognizes that some people who identify as men have a Y chromosomes, but not other people who do.

Taken together, the two studies are a step towards understanding why so many cancers have a bias towards men, says Sue Haupt, a cancer researcher at the George Institute of Global Health in Sydney, Australia, who was not involved with the work. She says it is becoming clear that it is beyond lifestyle. There is more than one component.

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KDM6A loss and RNA-mediated T cell exhaustion: a new method for the quantification of transcript quantities in RNA sequences

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Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06234-x

Digital spatiotemporal profiler for detecting the expression of immune and stromal cells and predicting the effector and regulatory T cells of tumor control in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma

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Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06234-x

Using robotic submersibles to protect ocean health and human health: a case study on Fukushima’s 2011 missing Titanic ship

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How the Y chromosome makes some cancers more deadly for men. The science of releasing Fukushima’s wastewater is one of the factors that leads to the Spinoff Prize.

Rescuers are trying to figure out what went wrong on the expedition ship, which went missing while travelling to the Titanic wreck. On research subs, some of the scientific equipment doubles as a safety system, explains oceanographer Peter Girguis. “I’m concerned that they overlooked some of the features that we build into research submersibles, because they struck them as costly or unnecessary, or uninteresting,” he says. It would be a bad idea to send a crewed sub after Titan, but “remotely operated robotic submersibles that work at 6,500 metres would be an ideal asset to get on site”, Girguis suggests. “The real challenge, of course, is how do you get out to this remote location in the Atlantic in time?”

The water of the Pacific Ocean will soon be contaminated by the nuclear power plant that went down in 2011. There are some unanswered questions about hydrogen-2 and carbon-15, but treatment removed 62 of the 64 radioactive elements. Some scientists think the risks are low. Discharging tritium-contaminated water is part of nuclear power plants’ usual operating procedure, notes environmental scientist Jim Smith. They worry that tritium may concentrate in the food web. “Have the people promoting this going forward demonstrated to our satisfaction that it will be safe for ocean health and human health?” asks marine biologist Robert Richmond. The answer is no.

Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02086-7

What we need to do to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals by 2030: An environmental economist’s view and a conservationist’s perspective

Land-sparing could lessen farming’s impact on the environment without exacerbating harm elsewhere — and it’s cheaper than other approaches, write environmental economist Ian Bateman and conservation scientist Andrew Balmford. The most common conservation policies — land sharing, rewilding and organic farming — actually risk accelerating biodiversity loss by offshoring the problem, they argue. The approaches reduce crop yield, which drives up food imports and causes enormous environmental damage overseas. Land sparing involves joining up habitat patches alongside using yield-boosting methods in farmed areas. The researchers say that governments should stop ignoring the system-wide impacts to make better policy decisions.

The 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are at the heart of an international project that aims to end poverty and achieve equality while protecting the environment. World leaders agreed the goals in 2015 and set a 2030 deadline to achieve them. This year, at the half-way point, it looks likely that none of the goals and just 12% of the targets will be met. In September, the world will gather in New York City to come up with a plan, and scientists are very important to its success. The Nature editorial starts with articles on what needs to be done. “If there’s even a small chance that we can still achieve the SDGs by 2030, we need to seize it with both hands,” says the editorial.

Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02086-7

The story of Devil’s Island: how France got its freedom from Algeria to Guiana, the French Space Centre and the Space Agency of France

When Algeria won its hard-fought independence from France, it also ejected the colonizers’ rocket launch site. France had to be near the equator to be able to find a new location. It turned to Devil’s Island, a ruthless French penal colony in French Guiana. Today the region is home to the Guiana Space Centre, the main spaceport of France and the European Space Agency. Karlijn Korpershoek explores how missions such as the James Watt Space Telescope came to be launched from South America.

Bioadhesive company SanaHeal has won the Spinoff Prize — an award from Nature Research and Merck for early-stage university spin-off companies. Standard bandages can’t stick to organs. Sanaheal’s “duct tape for surgery” sticks and then shrinks inwards, pulling cuts closed and adding mechanical reinforcement that promotes wound healing. “Mechanistically, it does exactly the same thing that barnacle glues do,” says mechanical-engineer-turned-entrepreneur Hyunwoo Yuk. “This is true bioinspiration.” (Nature | 7 min read)

Maybank says it’s not enough to just measure disease outcomes to fix the systems that produce health inequity. Understanding people’s experiences is important. (Nature | 8 min read)